Operators:

An Operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific Mathematical or logical Manipulations. Operator takes one or more arguments and produces a new value.

C++ is rich in built-in operators and provide the following types of operators:

• » Arithmetic Operators.
  » Relational Operators.
  » Logical Operators.
  » Bitwise Operators.
  » Assignment Operators.
  » Increment and Decrements Operators.
  » Misc Operators.
  

Arithmetic Operators.

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform Calculation. There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ programming language.

Assume that -

int x = 10;  int y = 15;

Let's have an example to understand all the arithmetic operators available in C++.

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
main()
{
	int x=10;
	int y=5;
 
	// endl is used to insert newline.
	cout<<"x + y Will give "<<x+y<<endl;
	cout<<"x - y Will give "<<x-y<<endl;
	cout<<"x * y Will give "<<x*y<<endl;
	cout<<"x / y Will give "<<x/y<<endl;
	cout<<"x % y Will give "<<x%y<<endl;
	return 0;	
}

Relational Operators:

Relational Operators establish a relationship between the values of the operands. There are following relational operators supported by C++ programming language

Assume that -

int x = 10;  int y = 5;

Let's have an example to understand all the Relational operators available in C++. in the example we will use if and else statement to show relation between operands.

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
main()
{
	int x=10;
	int y=5;
 
	if(x==y)
	cout<<" x is equal to y: "<<endl;
	else
	cout<<" x is not equal to y: "<<endl;
 
	if(x>y)
	cout<<" x is greater then y: "<<endl;
	else
	cout<<" x is less then y: "<<endl;
 
	if(x >= y)
	cout<<" x is greater than or equal to y: "<<endl;
	else
	cout<<" x is not greater than or equal to y: "<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}

Logical Operators.

The logical Operator Produce a true or false based on the logical relationship of its arguments. Remember that in C and C++, a statement is true if it has a non-zero value, and false if it has a value of zero. if we print a bool, we'll typically see a "1" for true and "0" for false. There are following logical operators supported by C++ language.

Assume that -

int x = 1;  int y = 0;

Let's have an example to understand all the Logical operators available in C++. in the example we will use if and else statement to show logical operators.

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
main()
{
	int x=1;
	int y=0;
 
	if(x&&y)
	cout<<"Condition is true: "<<endl;
	else
	cout<<"Condition is not true: "<<endl;
 
	if(x || y)
	cout<<"Condition is true: "<<endl;
	else
	cout<<" Condition is not true: "<<endl;
 
	if(!(x&&y))
	cout<<"Condition is true: "<<endl;
	else
	cout<<" Condition is not true: "<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}

Bitwise Operators.

The Bitwise Operators allow us to manipulate individual bits in a Number ( Since floating point values use a special internal format, the bitwise operator work only with integral types: char, int and long.) Bitwise Operators Perform Boolean algebra on the corresponding bits in the arguments to produce the result.

Assume that -

int x = 60;  int y = 13;

then in binary format x and y will be as follows:

• x  =  0011 1100
  y  =  0000 1101
  -----------------  
  

Bitwise Operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit Operation. The truth Tables for & , | , and ^ are as follows.

• x & y  =  0000 1100
  x | y  =  0011 1101
  x ^ y  =  0011 0001
  ~x     =  1100 0011
  ------------------- 
  

There are following Bitwise operators in C++ programming language: Assume that -

int x = 60;  int y = 13;

Let's have an example to understand all the Bitwise operators available in C++.

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
main()
{
	unsigned int x = 60; // 60 = 0011 1100
	unsigned int y = 13; // 13 = 0000 1101
	int z = 0;
 
	z = x & y; // 12 = 0000 1100
	cout << "Using Binary AND Operator the value of z is: " << z << endl ;
 
	z = x | y; // 61 = 0011 1101
	cout << "Using Binary OR Operator the value of z is: " << z << endl ;
 
	z = x ^ y; // 49 = 0011 0001
	cout << "Using Binary XOR Operator the value of z is: " << z << endl ;
 
	z = ~x; // -61 = 1100 0011
	cout << "Using Binary Ones Complement Operator the value of z is: " << z << endl ;
 
	z = x << 2; // 240 = 1111 0000
	cout << "Using Binary Left shift Operator the value of z is: " << z << endl ;
 
	z = x >> 2; // 15 = 0000 1111
	cout << "Using Binary Right shift Operator the value of z is: " << z << endl ;
 
	return 0;
}

Assignment Operators.

Assignment Operator are used to assign a value of right side Operand to left side Operand. There are following Assignment Operators supported by C++ programming language:

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
main()
{
	int x=12;
	int z;
 
	z = x;	
	cout<<" Using \"=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z += x;
	cout<<" Using \"+=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z -= x;
	cout<<" Using \"-=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z *= x;
	cout<<" Using \"*=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z /= x;
	cout<<" Using \"/=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z %= x;
	cout<<" Using \"%=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z <<= 2;
	cout<<" Using \"<<=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z >>= 2;
	cout<<" Using \">>=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z &= 2;
	cout<<" Using \"&=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z ^= 2;
	cout<<" Using \"^=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	z |= 2;
	cout<<" Using \"|=\" operator: value of z is : "<<z<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}

  Using "=" operator: value of z is : 12

 Using  "+="   operator: value of z is : 24

 Using  "-="   operator: value of z is : 12

 Using  "*="   operator: value of z is : 144

 Using  "/="   operator: value of z is : 12

 Using  "%="   operator: value of z is : 0

 Using  "<<="  operator: value of z is : 0

 Using  ">>="  operator: value of z is : 0

 Using  "&="   operator: value of z is : 0

 Using  "^="   operator: value of z is : 2

 Using  "|="   operator: value of z is : 2


	

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In C++ there is an special meaning of double Quotes ( " " ). So in order to show double Quotes in C++ Program, we need a special method to display it: (i.e. |" ) back slash + double Quotes:

Increment and Decrements Operators.

C++ Provides two Unusual Operators for increment and decrements variables: The Unusual aspect is that ++ and -- may be used either as Prefix Operators or Postfix Operators. as shown in the table: Assume that -

int x = 10;  int y = 5;

Misc Operators.

There are some more useful Operators that C++ supports:

Operators Precedence in C++.

In Expression, the Parentheses () are used to force the evaluation Order. The Operator in the Parentheses () are Evaluated first. If there are nested Parentheses then the inner most is evaluated first. For Example:

int x = 2 + 3 * 2;

Here x is assigned 8, not 10. Because Multiplication (*) has higher Precedence that addition (+), so it first get multiplied with 3*2 and then adds 2 into it. Let's have another Example.

int x = (2 + 3) * 2;

Here x is assigned 10, not 8. Because Parentheses () has higher Precedence that any other Operator. so addition will be evaluated first and then it will multiply with 2.

Here, Operators with the highest Precedence appear at the top of the Table, and those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an Expression, higher precedence Operators will be evaluated first.

“

Paying Attention to Detail: In Programming, The detail matter. this is very Important to analyzes the Problem statement very carefully and in detail. We should pay attention to the calculations involved in the Program, its flow, the Operator Precedence and Associativity. just a minor mistake could result in a logical error, which is difficult to find out. So be careful while working with Operators: